Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essays
Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essays Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Download and install Java Development Kit (JDK) Download and unzip Eclipse IDE go to eclipse. org/downloads/. Download either Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers or Eclipse IDE for Java Developers. Download and unzip Android SDK go to http://developer. android. com/index. html Select SDK tab, download SDK of your platform. Install ADT plug-in into Eclipse IDE 3. 4. Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE that is designed to give you a powerful, integrated environment in which to build Android applications. ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to let you quickly set up new Android projects, create an application UI, add components based on the Android Framework API, debug your applications using the Android SDK tools, and even export signed (or unsigned) APKs in order to distribute your application. Developing in Eclipse with ADT is highly recommended and is the fastest way to get started. With the guided project setup it provides, as well as tools integration, custom XML editors, and debug output pane, ADT gives you an incredible boost in developing Android applications. . 1 Start Eclipse IDE. You might see Workspace Launcher/Select a workspace dialog box as shown below. For the Workspace field, either take the given directory or choose a different directory. The Workspace is the directory where Eclipse maintains its projects. Click OK. 4. 2 Add a Repository location (of the Android development tools) to the Eclipse IDE. A Repository is a where software is being maintained. For Na me field, enter Android Plugin (or whatever name of your choice). For the Location field, enter https://dl-ssl. oogle. com/android/eclipse/. Note: If you have trouble acquiring the plug-in, you can try using http in the URL, instead of https (https is preferred for security reasons). 4. 3 Download and install Android development tools (ADT plug-in) to Eclipse IDE. 5. Configure ADT plug-in with the location of Android SDK Once youve successfully downloaded ADT as described above, the next step is to modify your ADT preferences in Eclipse to point to the Android SDK directory: 5. 1 select Windows-gt;Preferences If the location of the Android SDK is not already set, browse to that location and click OK. 6. Install additional Android SDK components platform, add-ons, doc and samples 6. 1 (This is an optional step) Check the android-sdk- directory and observe that it has empty add-ons, empty platforms, and tools directories but it currently does not have docs and samples directories. Vi a Android SDK and AVD Manager, you can update your Android SDK. 6. 2 Run Android SDK and AVD Manager. 6. 3 Download and install available packages. The available packages include Documentations, Platforms, Samples, etc. You can selectively choose them. Notice that the packages list may vary from system to system. Install them all. Accept the licenses. Restart ADB. 7. Create Android Virtual Device (AVD) In this step, you are going to create a virtual device which will give options to the emulator to model an actual device. 7. 1 Select Windows-gt;Android SDK and AVD Manager. 7. 2 Click New in the Virtual Devices frame of the Android SDK and AVD Manager The options below are the minimal options to give so that the emulator works correctly. You may further refine them. Enter my_avd_2. 2 (or whatever name you want) as Name for the new device Choose Android 2. 2-update1-API Level 8 for the target. It is the system which will run on the emulator. Optionally enter a minimal size for the SD card – 128 Click on Create AVD The new virtual device has been created. 8. Configure the JRE to use in Eclipse Select Eclipse-gt;Preferences Click on Installed JRES inside Java Check JVM 1. 6. 0 Click OK
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Else Statements
The JavaScript Ternary Operator as a Shortcut for If/Else Statements The conditional ternary operator in JavaScript assigns a value to a variable based on some condition and is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands. The ternary operator is a substitute for an if statement in which both the if and else clauses assign different values to the same field, like so: if (condition)result something;elseresult somethingelse; The ternary operator shortens this if/else statement into a single statement: result (condition) ? something : somethingelse; If condition is true, the ternary operator returns the value of the first expression; otherwise, it returns the value of the second expression. Lets consider its parts: First, create the variable to which you want to assign a value, in this case, result. The variable result will have a different value depending on the condition.Note that on the right-hand side (i.e. the operator itself), the condition is first.The condition is always followed by a question mark (?), which can basically be read as was that true?The two possible results come last, separated by a colon (:). This use of the ternary operator is available only when the original if statement follows the format shown above - but this is quite a common scenario, and using the ternary operator can be far more efficient. Ternary Operator Example Lets look at a real example. Perhaps you need to determine which children are the right age to attend kindergarten. You might have a conditional statement like this: var age 7;var kindergarten_eligible; if (age 5) {kindergarten_eligible Old enough;}else {kindergarten_eligible Too young;} Using the ternary operator, you could shorten the expression to: var kindergarten_eligible (age 5) ? Too young : Old enough; This example would, of course, return Old enough. Multiple Evaluations You can include multiple evaluations, as well: var age 7, var socially_ready true;var kindergarten_eligible (age 5) ? Too young : socially_readyOld enough but not yet ready Old and socially mature enoughconsole.log ( kindergarten_eligible ); // logs Old and socially mature enough Multiple Operations The ternary operator also allows the inclusion of multiple operations for each expression, separated by a comma: var age 7, socially_ready true; age 5 ? (alert(You are old enough.),location.assign(continue.html)) : (socially_ready false,alert(Sorry, but you are not yet ready.)); Ternary Operator Implications Ternary operators avoid otherwise verbose code, so on the one hand, they appear desirable. On the other hand, they can compromise readability - obviously, IF ELSE is more easily understood than a cryptic ?. When using a ternary operator -   or any abbreviation  -  consider who will be reading your code. If less-experienced developers may need to understand your program logic, perhaps the use of the ternary operator should be avoided. This is especially true if your condition and evaluations are complex enough that you would need to nest or chain your ternary operator. In fact, these kinds of nested operators can impact not only readability but debugging. As with any programming decision, be sure to consider context and usability before using a ternary operator.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Music and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Music and Culture - Essay Example This is a popular method of entertainment in many nations around the globe. Indonesia is one of the countries that have facilitated the development of shadow puppetry over a period. Shadow puppetry is argued as the oldest type of puppetry in the world. The term puppetry, which is also known as wayang, originated from the Indonesian word for shadow baying. Wang kulit and it uses shapes created from water buffalo hide. Despite its value in Indonesia, shadow puppetry found its way in India and China many millenniums ago. In Indonesia, shadow puppetry’s foundation is usually based on the religious tales of good versus evil. Shadow puppetry is essential in reinforcing traditional ethics of native civilization. Nueva cancià ³n This is a group and genre in Latin American and Iberian folk music, folk-inspired music and in social context devoted type of music. In other words, this genre is also known as a ‘New Song Movement’ or ‘Trova’, which makes part of a Latin American musical movement. The reason behind the name is that the song was composed and started during the time of social movements and the Allende revolutions in the 1900s and 1970 respectively. Its main function at that time was to unite the society and a source of weapon against social injustices by bad governance. Sanjuan is also known as a song of the festival. The name is derived from St. John the Baptist with its routes traced from as from 1860. It is mostly played male harpists where some part of it is sung and another played.
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Attachment theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Attachment theory - Essay Example The principal postulate in the context of research on attachment in human infants is that an infant depicts secure attachment, only if its needs are responded to in a sensitive manner by its parent. Analogously, insecure attachment can be attributed to insensitive response by a parent (Acton). One researcher, namely Ainsworth, opined that there were two types of insecure attachment, namely, ambivalent and avoidant. Thereupon, this classification of infant behavior, as ambivalent, avoidant and resistant was applied to such behavior. According to this perception, a secure infant tries to come into contact, attempts to come near a parent, or greets a parent who is at a distance from it. On the other hand, an infant of the avoidant category attempts to evade a parent. Finally, an infant that has been classified as resistant or ambivalent displays its hostility towards a parent, either in an active or passive manner (Acton). The attachment theory is not restricted to the emotional response in infants, but also to obtain a proper perception of unhappiness, love and solitude amongst adults. The various styles, regarding attachment, found in adult are a consequence of the working models of that person, which had formed during that person’s early years, after birth (Acton). A person whose perception of secure attachment has been developed is likely to behave in a manner that is culturally acceptable. As such, when people, who are in each other’s presence, communicate with each other, they tend to be courteous and agreeable, irrespective of their identities. Whereas, the very same individuals, may not depict such behavior if they are communicating from a distance or in some symbolic fashion. In a study on Israeli Jewish students, it was discovered that a primed secure attachment enhanced appreciation for benevolence and universalism. Moreover, universalism was seen to be
Sunday, November 17, 2019
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot Essay Example for Free
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot Essay The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (or simply Prufrock) is T. S. Eliot’s most popular poem and it is the one responsible for the launch of his career as one of the 20th century’ leading and influential poet. The poem takes the form of a dramatic monologue and it is considered as one of the most anthologized poem in the 20th century.            Prufrock is a poem which made use of lots of literary devices such as similes, personifications, repetitions, allusions, imageries and the like, all of which contributed a great deal to the tone of the poem which is miserable and unhappy, it also helped contribute to the theme of indecision (which led to lots of missed opportunities), sexuality, and paralysis. For one the use of simile is clear in the following line, â€Å"when the evening is spread out against the sky like a patient etherized upon a table†(Eliot, 1917) and it skillfully illustrates the solemn outdoor setting in contrast to the party setting which would later on take place in the poem.            Repetition is one of the most essential tools used by Eliot in the poem. For one, in the following stanza â€Å"In the room women come and go talking of Michaelangelo†(Eliot, 1917), Eliot brings the audience to the place Prufrock himself finds himself tied into, and this particular repetition contributed a lot in setting the tone of the poem as it shows the readers how Prufrock muses on how he wants to tell a woman how he truly feels and yet for some melancholic reason, he cannot.            Upon reading the poem one could envision that Prufrock is not really that old, he is probably a middle-aged man who is trying to examine what went wrong with his life, or trying to look back to the choices he made at the course of his life. Among the things he constantly look upon is the things he did not do, his regrets for acting the way he did, for his indecisions, and most of all he is looking back on his failure with regards to women thus one could then on say that one of the primary tones of the poem is that of a tired, ironic self-criticism. The character of Prufrock made many references on his going bald, most notably was a scene with a reaper who is holding his coat for him so that he could then on leave this material world. Prufrock tried to make himself feel what it is like to be young again one notable example was when he tried to dress and fashion his hair the way young men does. However, in spite of this particular endeavor he knows deep inside that it is no use since he would no longer be young again and this particular fear of approaching old age contributed a great deal to his paralysis which is the primary theme of this poem.            From the title of the poem alone one could have an idea that Prufrock is no ordinary or traditional love poem. Prufrock then is a ludicrous name and the author wants the subconscious implication of a prude in a frock. The original title of the poem is actually Prufrock Among Women and this particular emasculation added a certain depth to the themes the author would delve into which rotates around the notion of paralysis and heroism. As was mentioned earlier this poem takes the form of a dramatic monologue in which the speaker unconsciously reveals a part of himself to the silent readers. The poem shows a great deal of Prufrock’s inability to commit and express himself to women or to love, or to other individuals for that matter.            The 2st stanza of the poem hints that Profruck and a companion are out for an evening walk. Most of the themes and tone of Profruck illustrates profound melancholy and lack of communication or inability to express himself. The city discussed in the poem appears gloomy, it seems to portray the city in a half dead, desolate, and lonely feel. The streets seems to curve to a particular conclusion or question and it seems to ask if the protagonist should dare to assert himself or to reach out and try to communicate with other people.            The fourth stanza of the poem implies to life’s triviality as could be seen on the following line â€Å"hundred indecisions†¦before the taking of toast and tea†. The readers could then envision Prufrock worrying himself over life’s trivialities such as what tie to wear at the party and what words he should use to strike up a conversation (presumably with a woman) at the party. The women the protagonist is about to meet at the party are belittled in that their primary use is to serve as some kind of a decoration and keep shallow conversation going all throughout the party as could be seen on the following line â€Å"that lift and drop a question on your plate†(Eliot, 1917).            In the sixth stanza of the poem one could envision the protagonist hesitating on whether he should continue to climb the stairs which would take him to the place where the party is being held, he keep on worrying on whether he should â€Å"dare†communicate or try to reach out to these people. In the seventh stanza the protagonist was pondering about the things he did or the trivialities he did in his life and it also shows that he knows what kinds of people would be present at the party. He knows that those people are full of life’s superficiality. These particular people were further singled out in the 9th stanza as women of women on which the protagonist seems to posit an attitude synonymous to sour-graping.  Upon close observation the readers would then on see that these elegant women have hairy arms, however, in spite of that these women still have some kind of an effect to the protagonist of the poem as could be seen when he was not able to organize his thoughts which is being diverted by the smell of the perfume of these women. It is important in this line to notice that Prufrock does not treat these women as a whole people but rather merely as part of their physicalities which attracts and mislead other people as could be seen on the following lines, â€Å"eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase†, â€Å"faces that you meet†, voices dying with a dying fall†(Eliot, 1917) and the like.            On stanzas 79-80 the protagonist was once again pondering on whether given lots of empty times should he try to assert his personality and try to reach out to other individuals. Mainly because the protagonist talked a great deal about women on his earlier stanzas one could then assume that the line â€Å"force the moment to its crisis†(Eliot, 1917) have an innuendo of sexuality because whereas the inability to communicate himself appears to be the primary theme of the poem, the protagonist incapacity to have sexual relationship is taken care of in a more specific manner. If someone is incapable of having sexual relationship with another individual, he is cut off from the some things considered worth while in life and the protagonist is portrayed as someone who is incapable of making a move on a woman (he could not even reach out to converse to any people, much less a woman) because of his fear to look ludicrous in front of them.            The protagonist inability to make use of the time or opportunities given him is signified by the past tense found in the twelfth stanza. In this stanza the readers would be able to see that if the protagonist indeed tries to reach out to people particularly to the woman he likes he would only appear preposterous and these people would not even be able to understand him. In stanzas 95-97 the protagonist made an implication that he ever approach or make any kind of insinuation to a woman â€Å"roll†¦strength and all..sweetness up into one ball, and tearing†¦pleasures with rough strife †(Eliot, 1917) there is a huge chance that he would be misunderstood and worst they would be disgusted with him and put him off. All of these reasons among many others seem to answer the earlier question on whether he should dare to assert himself. The protagonist states â€Å"No!†because he sees himself as insignificant, he is so full of self-consciousness and because of that he is unworthy of â€Å"disturb(ing) the universe†(Eliot, 1917).            Now that the fundamental question of him asserting himself has finally been answered the protagonist is once again seen to be looking at what his life would be like (he would grow old and bald) and he would also wonder if he has the guts to eat a peach â€Å"do I dare to eat a peach†(Eliot, 1917). This particular line could be viewed in different manners one of which is that fresh fruit because of digestive problems however, the peach could also be seen to have an underlying sexual connotation. Fruits in general have a sexual connotation as the ripened ovary of a plant and peach in particular holds more sexual connotation because of its flesh like color, its soft texture and its downiness. The peach’s shape and texture symbolizes the female genitalia thus one could see in the line mentioned above that the protagonist is wondering that if he is unable to sexually assert himself to a woman while he was still in the prime of his life, how else would he be able to sexually assert himself when he becomes an old man. Peach also have other meanings. Peach is the Chinese symbol for marriage and immortality, both of which the protagonist so want to have in his life. As could be seen then, the protagonist pondering on whether he would dare eat a peach has got something to do with his sexual ineptness. As the poem ends, the protagonist was imagining mermaids, oe men’s ideal dream of women sitting on the beach, however, in spite of the fact that it only happened on his imagination, the mermaids still did not sing for him. When the protagonist was awakened from his dream by a human voice one could then conclude that even in dreams, the protagonist is still paralyzed and non-active. This particular paralysis, the protagonist’s inability to act and to grab at the opportunities given to him by life is the primary theme ever present in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Works Cited Dempsey, Jough. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot.†(1997).            February 28, 2008 http://articles.poetryx.com/7/. Eliot, T. S. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†(1917). February 27, 2008            http://www.bartleby.com/198/1.html. Moody, David. The Cambridge Companion to T. S. Eliot. Cambridge UP, 1994. Scofield, Martin. T. S. Eliot: The Poems. Cambridge UP, 1988. Uncgrad. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.†(2007). February 28, 2008            http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/113548/the_love_song_of_j_alfred_ prufrock.html.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Should the Internet be censored? Essay -- essays research papers
Should the Internet be censored? From colonial times to the present, the media in America has been subject to censorship challenges and regulations. The Internet has become a vast sea of opportunity. Everyone is seizing the moment. The good and the bad of society have reduced the meaning of the Internet. Menace threatens each onlooker, as people browse the many pages of Cyberspace. As the new technological advances help to shape our society, one cannot help but think of the dangers waiting to prey on anyone. The Internet should be censored, because there needs to be some protection against the criminal minds that dwell in society. If the problems concerning the Internet are not irradiated in its early stage now, it could fester into something cancerous. This cancer could easily turn something that should be in the best interest of society, into society’s worst nightmare. The part of society that is most opposed to censoring the Internet argue that placing restrictions on Internet usage is in direct violation of the First Amendment Rights of the Constitution. This right was established long before the Internet was even inkling in someone’s imagination. By restricting web site content, society freedom of opinion and expression are oppressed (EFF, www.eff.org/freespeech.html July 1990). The Internet allows everyone in a group to have the same opportunities for engaging in and partaking of debates. Even people with disabilities, who are very often excluded from other media outle...
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Advantage of Mobile Phone Essay
For many people, it’s ? convenient way to communicate. Many parents provide their children with ll-?h?nes for safety reasons. ll-?h?nes have some disadvantages as well. Cellular phones have impacted society. They have left an ever-lasting impression on our culture. In this paper the Advantage and Disadvantage of ll-?h?nes have been discussed. Advantages ll-?h?nes have three principal advantages. ll-?h?nes have made communication easier. In addition, ll-?h?nes provide their users with extra devices in addition to telephone. At last, ll-?h?nes can provide safety for their users. ll-?h?nes have become accepted in the last fifteen years because they have made communication easier. People can call each other no matter where they are. Fifteen years ago, there was no way to call someone who had no access to ? conventional telephone. Additionally, the technology which is provided with ll-?h?nes has made life easier. ll-?h?nes are not only telephones; they can also include calendars, cameras, alarm clocks, and other devices to make life easier. The latest ll- ?h?nes can even be used as ? pocket computer. Last but not least, many parents provide their children with ll-?h?nes for safety reasons. The speed dial up option in ll-?h?nes lets people make contact with emergency numbers by pressing one button. For many parents, ? ll-?h?ne is ? convenient way to get in touch with their children. Disadvantages The use of ll-?h?nes has been proven to be ? big distraction. There are car accidents occurring everywhere due to the lack of attentiveness of drivers. Parents now think that it’s better to buy ll-?h?nes for their new teen drivers for emergencies, but do you really think that they are used for those only? And since ll-?h?nes are so fabulous, then why do you always get ? busy, roaming signal and cause you to keep redialing ? number till you finally get through to that person? After all that trouble you are normally bothered and frustrated. Things like these can created accidents and even death. The possibility of brain tumors is also increasing with the use of cellular phones. Radiation is enormously hazardous to ll-?h?ne users. The more cell phone uses, the greater chances become for brain cancer. When ll-?h?nes first came out, people purchased them in case of emergencies. Now, people bring their ll-?h?nes everyplace they go and use them for pleasure, not essentially for purpose. As convenient as ll-?h?nes may seem, there is more to it. Conscientiousness must be taken more sincerely and people need to be more aware of the risks that are involved in purchasing and using ? cellular phone. FREE ESSAY It is for a fact that having a mobile phone now a days is a sort of a necessity and it is an inevitable truth that mobile industry is taking everyone by a storm. From the very basic thing of making a call to texting, and now internet access for just a touch of your finger tips. Do you have one of these? or do you know somebody who enjoys having such stuff? I do have one of those too and I wont deny the fact that I enjoys using them. So as one of the million subscriber of this technology I will share you some of the advantages and disadvantages I found, out of having a mobile phone. First here are some advantages of having it: It keeps you in constant contact with people you consider important It can help you seek help immediately during emergency cases Its a sense of being financially uplifted. Through mobile phones you can lessen your boredom,example listen to your favorite music and as well as watching movies through downloading. It can take photos Mobile phones also gives us easier access on the internet You can carry it anywhere It has a lot of useful function like calendar, making notes, alarm clock, timer and calculator. No doubt, our mobile phones makes our life more convenient, but as the saying goes every technology has it’s equal negative side and mobile phones are not so especial to be exempted. Here are some disadvantages of having it: Expensive People spend less time bonding with there family and friends People just contact through phone and became too lazy meeting outside Disturb us on our works and studies People spend lots and lots of money buying the latest model Affects our body because of radiation it produces Easily broken mobile phone makes it easier to invade privacy In the end, I hope you can weigh the advantages and the disadvantages I have mentioned to help you use your mobile phone in a responsible manner. We humans created mobile phones and it is all up to our control†¦
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Just War Theory
War is said to occur when one state declares hostility against another by which it places the people and resources under its authority to enmity against their adversaries as well as their resources (Gardam J, 1993). According to broadminded ed war historian and theorist Jeffrey Rodgers Hummel, there is an implication of the above definition.In placing its people as well s resources to hostilities, each state is in reality declaring war on three phases; first and foremost as to the other state; second as to the people of the other state; and thirdly as to its own dissenting citizens, should they fail to act in accordance with the State’s demand for manpower and resources (Gardam J, 1993).Going by the above definition offered by Jeffrey R. Hummel, just war would comprise that the war should have a just beginning. That is, it must be declared in reaction to violent behavior; the response has to be reasonable and according to the level of aggression, it has to be begun by an appro priate authority in opposition to appropriate enemy; it has to be conducted in proper manner that is justly†¦that is no harming of innocent people knowingly or intentionally (Gardam J, 1993). The war must have a just originThe just war theory asserts that war should originate only if there is violation of rights and only in self-defense. These rights should be individualistic rights as opposed to those that lead to war, for instance breach of a country’s sovereignty on a realistic altitude. Nevertheless, a difficulty arises at once. The fundamentals necessary to judge the justness of the war’s origin for instance, time and relevant information are not often available at the point war is declared.In deciding the idea of German Catholic participating in war during the Nazi period, it was once remarked by a publisher that â€Å"A scientific judgement concerning causes and origins of the war is absolutely impossible today because the pre-requisites for such a judgeme nt are not available to us. This must wait until a later time when the documents of both sides are available†(Allen C, 1966). The war must be a reasonable response As per the theory, it is grimacing for a provoker to be shot whether he acted on purpose or accidentally.While exercising self-defense the level of force utilized has to be proportional to the force used by the aggressor, while the aim of the responsive force should be articulated on the tenets of protection or restitution. Thus, a war with a just origin should have first exhausted all lesser force employment that could have consummated the desired objectives. It becomes crucial to elucidate one idea that the war should be left with the people with, that the state has consigned their rights of defense with.The question is whether States’ declaration of war places all its citizens to take part in hostilities even though a small proportion of them have been aggressed. Secondly, does aggression directed towards those consigned with the right of defense bind all others under declaration of war? If so, the contract appears to be calculated to enhance the level of violence of any differences as opposed to providing protection or restitution. The war has to be declared by a proper authority and against a proper enemy.Under this theory, the proper authority to exercise a right of self-defense against an aggressor is an agent or individual upon whose rights have been violated. Thus, under this heading a state is interpreted to be a proper authority. Here the assumption is that the war is declared against a state that is proper enemy. Just war should have a just ending On the ordinary observation, a just war (precisely since, it is not a campaign) should finish with the reinstatement of the status quo ante. The model case is a war of hostility, which ends justly when the provoker has been conquered, his attack repulsed, the old boundaries reinstated.Conceivably this is not quite enough for a jus t ending: the wounded state might merit compensations from the aggressor state, so that the damage the aggressor's forces meted out (Gardam J, 1993). In considering the atomic bombing of Japan, Was the bombing just? Was it moral? The use of atomic bombs was not meant to be confined to military targets, as these are obviously weapons mass destruction and could not fail to terrorize the civilians. From point of view of justice, discarding the rule that excludes civilians from deliberate attack represented a grave injustice from which the world requires to recover.If the aim was to end the war this could have been achieved without dropping those bombs on civilians (Gardam J, 1993). Appearing in the Nation, an article by Richard Falk titled â€Å"Defining a just war†in issue of Oct 29, he asserted that the war in Afghanistan qualified to be the first just war since World War II (Roberts A, 1993-1994). Although in the issue Falk went on to warn that the justice of the cause could be â€Å"negated by the injustice of improper means and excessive ends†, he did not relinquish his original affirmation.This utterance came from one of the prominent and respected advocates of international peace and justice. How true was his assertion about just war in Afghanistan (Roberts A, 1993-1994)? Interpreting Falk’s position as saying US war could be just, as long as it adhered to the ideologies he articulated, his argument nevertheless was manifestly wrong. First, on the ground that the principles were broken as of the start of the war and secondly, on the dismissal of alternative action that could have solved the impasse through the United Nations.How could this war be justified if the bombings lead to starvation of many millions of Afghanistan’s due inability of aid agencies to deliver their services to the civilians prior to the felling of the first bomb? On the other hand, prior knowledge of humanitarian crisis that could be occasioned by bombing serves to negate it from being construed as just war. First, the war did not meet the criteria of discrimination (not to harm civilians). Secondly, on the proportionality of the force (force should not be greater than the provoking cause), the force employed was greater compared to that of the aggressor (Roberts A, 1993-1994).The war in Afghanistan largely did not meet the criterion of necessity that calls upon force not to be applied if there are other non-violent means available. Before the onset of the bombing, Taliban Ambassador to Pakistan had proposed that they were ready to try Osama bin Laden if America provided evidence connecting him to the attacks in the New York and Washington. Going by the words of this ambassador, it is clear that this war could have been avoided if US offered the evidence they were demanding in order to prosecute the culprit (Mintz A, 1993).In addition, the ambassador had indicated that under Islamic law legal proceedings could begin. Thus, infact tri al could begin pertaining to the raised allegations followed by evidence being provided in court. However, what happened is that Washington refused to offer evidence, declared its demands were not subject to negotiation and started bombardment of Afghanistan (Mintz A, 1993). Whether Taliban’s offer was serious or not, Washington never bothered to follow, conversely going to war faced with such conditions eliminates the criterion of necessity.Vietnam War first assumed the aspect of political dimension with many at last being pressed towards moral arguments. Of course, the war was seen to be completely irresponsible, and one that could not be won. Its costs, even if the Americans were egoistic, were above the normal. The war was fought unjustly since it involved a lot of brutality by the Americans, a factor that was seen by many as the one that led to the defeat. In a war for â€Å"hearts and minds†as opposed to land and resources, justice stands out to be the main aspe cts to victory.Vietnam War served to educate states that there was a need for state to fight justly and to crown it all, justice has become military necessity. Vietnam was the first war that saw the need for emphasizing the jus in belle principle. It enumerated that Wars unpopular at home should not be fought in addition to wars whereby the state is unwilling to commit its resources. As mentioned earlier Vietnam War was based on doubtful justice and the war was fought unjustly, as it irritated the civilian population. By losing the hearts and minds of the civilians led to the loosing of the whole war.Modern warfare requires that there be support from different civilian populations, expanding past the population facing instantaneous risk. Nevertheless, moral regard for civilians at risk is crucial in winning great support of the war. America has in the past-confused just wars as crusades, as if a war can be just only where the forces of good outweigh those of evil. However, as for Ge orge Bush (elder) he appeared to understand that war, is properly a war of armies, a combat between combatants, through which the citizens should be protected.In good faith, there was nothing of a just war in Iraq bombing in 1991. The civilians there were not protected, since there was destruction of electricity networks as well as water purification plants (Mintz A, 1993). Demolition of infrastructure, that is, significant for civilian existence was rampant during the Gulf War. Nevertheless, American approach in Gulf War was due to compromise among what justice would have necessitated. There was no controlled bombing and collectively as opposed to Korea or Vietnam, targeting was far more unlimited and selective.Conclusion Many people acknowledge that we are faced with moral duty to avoid the evils of war. However, this realization poses many difficult questions, when as responsible individuals we witness tormenting injustices for instance, ‘ethnic cleansing’ (Gardam J, 1993). With millions of lives being risked by war, one is bound to consider if war should ever be justified and if so, for what purpose? In answering the above, it is first important to consider principles of just war theory and finally correlate these principles to historical as well as ongoing conflicts.On the just cause, figures like Ronald Reagan are seen to assert that whether in self-defense or defense for others, remain the only classified cause that justifies waging war. There is a need to justify military intervention in secessionist or revolutionary wars. The conduct of war should also be in accordance with the principles of discrimination and proportionality. Civilians should not be directly targeted ad costs of military action should be proportionate to the expected advantages of ruining military targets. ReferenceAllen C. Isbell, (1966). War and Conscience Abilene, Texas: Biblical Research Press, p. 82. Gardam, Judith Gail. (1993) Proportionality and Force in Internati onal Law. American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, Issue 3, 391-413. Mintz, Alex. (1993). The Decision to Attack Iraq: A Noncompensatory Theory of Decision Making. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 37, Issue 4, 595-618. Roberts, Adam. (Winter, 1993-1994). The Laws of War in the 1990-91 Gulf Conflict. International Security, Volume 18, Issue 3 134-181. Just War Theory The theory of just war is a military ethics doctrine tracing its origin from catholic and Roman philosophy. The Catholic Church in the United States of America was very vocal in the 1960s in asserting the theory of just war especially in their pastoral letter that were released in 1963 known as ‘The challenge of peace: God’s promise and our response. ’ Moral theologians, international makers and ethicists on just war theory maintain that for any conflict to qualify as just it should meet religious, philosophical and political justice criteria.When our eyes are cast back in the history of America, it is true that US has been involved in various wars for example the First World War, the Second World War and Afghanistan war. In the light of the just war theory, was United States ethically right to enter into these wars? This is what this research will mainly focus on. It will analyze the reasons that made US to enter into these wars from ethics point of view using th e theory of just war as the parameter. The paper starts with a short introduction then the main points and at the end there is a conclusion which is basically the summary of the key points.At the very end of this paper is a list of the resources that are used in this research, properly formatted in accordance with MLA formatting style. According to the United States Catholic Bishops, for any military action to be applied to a conflict it must meet four conditions for it to be legitimate. First of all they say that for any military action to be taken, the damage caused by the aggressor must be enormous, specific, grave and lasting. Secondly, it should be used as the last option that is, when all other means at disposal proves to be ineffective or impractical.Thirdly, the prospects of success before entering the war must be high. The fourth and the last criterion is that there should be lesser evils and disorders than the much that the aggressor(s) caused (Evans 4) Generally there are two sets of criteria for determining whether war is just or not. The first addresses the right to enter in the war while the second one is about the conduct of the military in the war. The former holds that the reason for joining the war must be just but should not for used for revenging or repossessing things captured in other words the cause must be just.In comparative justice principle, injustices suffered by one party must exceed that of the other. Again, war cannot be waged by anybody thus can only be waged by a legitimate authority. It is also argued that there must be high chances of winning the war for fighting a losing battle is wastage of resources. Also war should be used as the last resort or when all other methods have failed. Finally the gains of entering the war must be equal to the loss and harms incurred or in short, macro-proportionality must apply.After the war begins, the just war theory holds that any military action should only target specific places and indiv iduals especially the enemies and their strongholds and the condition of proportionality must apply or put in another way, the amount of force to be used must be gauged by the amount of harm caused and that only a minimum force must be put to task for the goal is not to destroy and harm civilians but to correct the mistakes that were done by the aggressor(s) (Evans, 5)According to the just war theory the entry of United States in the First World War in 1917 could be said to have been just this was because the decision to join the war was made by a legitimate body and not by a single individual. The then president Woodrow Wilson asked the congress to convene twice to determine the way forward. It was in order for US to declare war on Germany as it kept on violating all the agreements that had been made for example it violated the agreement that it would suspend all unrestricted submarine warfare.Germany had also tried to entice Mexico to join the war against US on condition that Germ any would help it to liberate itself from the United States. The other reason was that Germany attacked all neutral ships that neared what was referred to as zones irrespective of what they carried. This affected US in that its passengers were killed and the trade network was interrupted. (Coffman 25) In accordance with just war theory, if the harm is long lasting and grievous then the war is just. The same was the case in the First World War where the US was losing its people and property due to German’s malicious activities.Again as per this theory the war was just because it was used as the last option. At first the US never wanted to join the war and was following the policy of isolation. It used diplomatic talks and signing of agreements to shun war but this proved to be futile and the only option that was left was war. This war was geared towards stopping what Germany was doing and correcting the mistakes that were done and was not meant as a revenge but when the war da mage assessment is done, the damage caused by this war was more than what the aggressor had caused thus as per this theory’s principle the war could be said to have been unjust.(Coffman 26) The US entry on the world war II could also be said to be just according to the just war theory because it was declared by a legitimate body in 1941 after Japan attacked US spheres of interest in Pearl Harbor. Though the war was declared by a recognized legitimate body according to this theory it could be regarded as unjust because it was more of revenge than order restoration. The US wanted to challenge Japan which had proved to be a bother in the Pacific region.The harm that Japan had caused as per the just war theory was not grievous, lasting or that big enough to have merited the consequences that resulted. Just war theory holds that the harm caused by the war should not exceed the damage done by the aggressor but in the case of Japan, the war caused enormous damage in fact about 100,0 00 people perished when the US dropped atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. This is a clear indicator that US was not only targeting the combatants and their strategic positions but also targeted the civilians and thus in the light of the above the war was unjust.(Coffman 27) As per this theory the war could be said to have been just because the chances of US winning the Second World War were high although this was later proved to have been a miscalculation for it extended longer than expected and that was why the US was forced to resort to atomic bombs. This war could also be said to be unjust if it is judged the theory’s principle that argues that war should not be used as a means of achieving personal gains and in this case US used it as such.It wanted to protect its interests in the Western Europe nations because it had invested a lot in those countries in terms of loans and war materials and thus if they were to be defeated by Germany then this would have meant losing all that it had invested. (Gaido and Walters) The third war that will be analyzed using this theory is the US entry in the Afghanistan war in 2001. According to this theory, this war was justified in all ways. The war was declared by a legitimate institution that is the US government and was in response to terrorist activities of bombing the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.This was the height of terrorism and that was why the US was forced to act. The war was thus meant to control terrorism but not to avenge. When the issues of damages that were caused by these attacks are assessed, they were enormous that the amount of harm that resulted from this war and for this reason the war was just. As per the theory, the war should be used as the last resort and this is what happened in Afghanistan. The US had tried to use all other methods that were at its disposal and they proved to be ineffective. Terrorism continued to be on the increase despite the measures that were taken against it.The US had tried to hold talks with terrorists asking them to stop their terrorism activities. They kept attacking US citizens and other areas of interest and at this time it was pushed beyond limit and had to act. (Gareau 16) As per the just war theory, there is no need to engage yourself in a losing battle but here the US was confident enough that it would win this war and indeed it won thus on the light of the above, the war could be said to have been just. In conclusion, the just war theory is a theory that is used to determine whether the war is just or not.It holds that the war is just if is declared by a legitimately recognized body, if the chances of winning are clear, if it is for correcting the harms done as opposed to revenge and if it is used as the last option when all other methods have failed. Using it to determine whether US was just to enter in the First World War, Second World War and the Afghanistan war, it is right to justify US entry in the first world war an d the Afghanistan war but using the same criteria its entry on the second war could not be justified. Works Cited:Evans, M. Just War Theory: A Reappraisal. Edinburgh University Press, 2005 Coffman E. M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in First World War. University Press of Kentucky. 1998. Gaido, D. and Walters, D. Socialist Workers Party/Workers Party Split. The Second World War: What the War is About. 2005 http://marxists. catbull. com/history//etol/document/fi/1938-1949/swp- wpsplit/swpwp01. htm Gareau, F. H. State Terrorism and the United States: From Counterinsurgency to The War on Terrorism. Zed Books, 2004
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Animals Have Rights Too essays
Animals Have Rights Too essays Have you ever had a missing dog or cat? They were probably a beloved member of your family. What could have happened to your loyal companion will shock you. Many states have laws that require local pounds to turn over those animals who have not been claimed with in five days of their arrival to laboratories. This practice is called pound seizure. The animals, which consist of cats, dogs, kittens, and puppies, are used in medical experiments. There is no federal law related to pound seizure, but there have been several anti-pound seizure bills put before Congress. None have been enacted. Animal advocates strongly object to the practice of pound seizure. An animal that may have once been a loving family member is forced to have its life ended in a laboratory. The Associated Press reported in December of 1995 that two-thirds of 1,004 Americans polled agree that an animals right to live free of suffering should be just as important as a persons right to live free of suffering. Americans should stand up for what they believe and make the world a better place for animals. A complete count of animals used in research is unknown because federal laws do not require research institutes to record the number of rats, mice, and cold blooded animals that are used in experimentation. Estimates for total numbers range from 20 million to 70 million. So why are so many defenseless animals killed? Many would say that there have been many medical breakthroughs thanks to animal experimentation, but the historical value of animal research with regard to humans remains questionable. Dr. Edward Kass of Harvard Medical School said, ...primary credit for the virtual eradication of these diseases must go to improvements in public health, sanitation, and the general improvement in the standard of living. Over 44 million Americans have inadequate healthcare. If we really want to improve human health, ...
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
English-German Food and Drink Glossary
English-German Food and Drink Glossary An Annotated Glossary forDining, Food and DrinkWith Eating Phrasebook KEY: Noun genders: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), s (das, neu.)Plural form/ending in parentheses: e Vorspeise (-n) appetizer(s)Abbreviations: adj (adjective), adv (adverb), n (noun), pl (plural), v (verb) A A A alcohol r Alkoholalcoholic, containing alcohol adj alkoholischnon-alcoholic adj alkoholfrei almond e Mandel (-n) appetizer e Vorspeise (-n) apple r Apfel (Äpfel) apple cake r Apfelkuchenapple cider r Apfelsaft(hard) apple cider r Apfelmostapple spritzer e Apfelsaftschorle (apple juice or cider mixed with sparkling mineral water; the standard Schorle found in southwest Germany is made with wine)applesauce r Apfelmusapple strudel r Apfelstrudelapple turnover, apple pie e Apfeltascheapple wine r ApfelweinCalled Ebbelwei or Eppelwoi in the local dialect, this fermented cider drink is a specialty of the Frankfurt am Main area. apricot e Aprikose (-n)apricot e Marille (-n) in Austria, Bavaria artichoke e Artischocke (-n) asparagus r Spargel (-)asparagus soup e Spargelsuppe (-n) aubergine, eggplant e Aubergine B B B bacon r Speckbacon and eggs Eier mit Speck bake, roast v backen, bratenbaked, roasted adj gebacken, gebratenbaked apples Bratpfel plbaked potato e Folienkartoffel, gebackene Pellkartoffelfried sausage e Bratwurstroasted chicken s Backhendelbaking soda, baking powder s Backpulver banana e Banane (-n) bar, pub e Bar (-s), e Kneipe (-n) barbecue, BBQ (cooking) n s Grillenbarbecue, BBQ (get-together) n s Grillfest, e Grillpartybarbecue, BBQ (meat) n s Grillfleischbarbecue, BBQ v grillen, am Spiess bratenbarbecue grill n r Grill basil (seasoning) s Basilikum bean e Bohne (-n)green beans grà ¼ne Bohnenkidney beans rote Bohnenstring beans weiße Bohnenbean coffee, real coffee r Bohnenkaffee beef s Rindfleischbeef Rind- beef (in compounds) beer s Bier (-e)bottled beer s Flaschenbier(a) dark beer ein Dunklesdraft/draught beer s Fassbier, s Bier vom Fass(a) lager/light beer ein Helleswheat beer s Weizenbier bill, check e Rechnung (-en)Check, please! Zahlen, bitte! bitters r Magenbitter blackberry e Brombeere (-n) Black Forest cherry cake e Schwarzwlderkirschtorte (made with Kirschwasser) blueberry e Blaubeere (-n) bock beer s Bockbier bockwurst (sausage) e Bockwurst boil v kochenboiled adj gekochta soft-boiled egg ein weich gekochtes Eiboiled (adj.) blau (in salt and vinegar, usually fish) bottle e Flasche (-n)a bottle of wine eine Flasche Weinbottled water s Mineralwasser, s Wasser aus der Flasche bouillon, broth e (klare) Fleischbrà ¼he, e Bouillonbouillon cube r Brà ¼hwà ¼rfel bowl e Schale (-n), e Schà ¼ssel (-) brandy r Weinbrand, r Brandy bread s Brot (-e)There are over 200 kinds of German breadbread roll s Brà ¶tchen (-), e Semmel (-n) breaded veal cutlet s Wiener Schnitzel (-) breakfast s Frà ¼hstà ¼ckeat/have breakfast frà ¼hstà ¼cken broccoli Brokkoli pl broil v grillen butter e Butter
Sunday, November 3, 2019
The Impact of Market Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibility Essay
The Impact of Market Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Most companies that are market-oriented avoid getting into trouble because they spend most of the time with their customers thereby gaining a lot of information from the customers. Indeed the relationship that coexists between the business performance and the market orientation are quite a powerful one. For instance, those businesses that exhibit strong interrelationship between the business performance and the MO have experienced success and the growth of the market share (Appiah-Adu and Ranchho, 1998). While the competitor and customer orientation can have the significant and positive impact on the overall MO, only the customer orientation can have the significant and positive impact on the business performance. From the managerial perspective, the measurements scales can be used in assessing the firm’s level of the MO and appropriately identify the â€Å"bottlenecks†in the intra-organizational information flows. For this course, the transformation of the business from the MO to the business performance is a rather a more complex phenomenon due to the interventions from the other factors during the process of transformation (Slater and Narver, 1995; Han et al., 1998; Baker and Sinkula, 1999). Successful organizations create the organizational culture that encourages its employees feel dedication and commitment to the organization. Corporate social responsibility initiatives are one way of achieving this. Besides giving the employees the invaluable feeling towards making enormous contribution to the organization, it also offer other positive effects to the business as well. Innovation in the managerial and organizational practices suggest that new and improved ways of enhancing the CSR via the rebuilding the relationship between the organizations and the community while enhancing the understanding of the social capital that found in the social environment that the
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)